7 Cultures That Recognise Gender Is Not Binary | International Non-Binary Peoples Day
We are aware that by trying to describe other cultures, using Western references, and the English language you can end up missing the point.
We’ve done our best to accurately portray each of the following cultures using the resources that are available in English, but if you feel we’ve missed something. Please let us know in the comments below.
Non-binary, or Enby/NB, is an umbrella term for people who do not exclusively identify as either of the male or female genders. Most countries, including the UK, still do not recognise non-binary genders.
Hindus, India, Nepal, Bangladesh
The earliest known mention of non-binary people is in the Karma Sutra (written around 2000 years ago) where 'third-gender' people are mentioned. Non-binary characters hold significant roles in some of the most important texts of Hinduism, including the Mahabharata and the Ramayana.
Hinduism’s philosophical and spiritual beliefs also support non-binary identities. Tantric traditions emphasize the unity of male and female principles within individuals, while the concept of atman (soul) is seen as genderless and eternal, transcending physical attributes and societal roles. These inclusive practices and beliefs highlight the flexibility and richness of Hindu cultural traditions, offering profound recognition and respect for non-binary and gender-diverse individuals.
Find out more about Non-binary identities and Hinduism
Bugis, Indonesia
The Bugis people, the third largest ethnic group in South Sulawesi, Indonesia, recognize five distinct gender identities: makkunrai, oroané, bissu, calabai, and calalai. Each of these identities plays a crucial role in maintaining balance and harmony within Bugis society.
Using English and Western gender concepts, oroané are comparable to cisgender men, makkunrai to cisgender women, calalai to trans men, and calabai to trans women. Bissu, who are androgynous or intersex, serve as revered shamans or community priests.
The recognition of multiple genders is rooted in pre-Islamic Bugis traditions. These beliefs were later influenced by the arrival of Islam, but the fundamental understanding of gender diversity persisted.
Traditional Bugis epics and literature, such as the Sureq Galigo, reference these diverse gender roles, indicating their long-standing presence in Bugis culture.
Find out more about Bugis culture
Muxe, Mexico
Muxe people are Zapotec people who identify as third gender. Typically AMAB, muxes embrace feminine characteristics. The word Muxe bears a similarity to the Spanish word for “woman,” mujer.
The people of the Indigenous Zapotec culture live mainly in Oaxaca in the south of Mexico. In general, Muxe people are respected in this region, and many families consider it a blessing to have a Muxe family member as they usually help with the 'womens duties' within the family.
Due to this acceptance, Muxe people have more freedom to be visible in this region than other non-binary people have in the rest of Mexico. To many (mostly cis) people in the rest of the country, it seems Oaxaca has many more queer/non-binary people than in other areas. For this reason, there's a story that the Muxe "fell out of the pocket of Vicente Ferrer, the patron saint of Juchitán, as he passed through town, which, according to locals, means they were born under a lucky star."
Sekrata, Madagascar
The Sekrata people, also known as the Sekrata or Sakato, are a part of the Malagasy group in Madagascar and are recognised for their unique gender roles and identities that transcend traditional binary classifications. In Malagasy culture, there is generally a more fluid understanding of gender compared to many Western societies.
The Sekrata are individuals who are AMAB but take on the roles, dress, and behaviours typically associated with women. They are often considered and respected as a third gender within their communities.
In some Malagasy communities, the Sekrata may have spiritual or ritualistic roles as their unique position within the gender spectrum can be seen as bridging the gap between the physical and spiritual worlds.
Learn more about Sekrata people
Bakla, Phillipines
Bakla people are a well-known and culturally significant group in the Philippines. The Philippines has a long history of recognizing diverse gender identities, and the Bakla are a prominent example of this inclusivity.
The term "Bakla" can be fluid, encompassing a range of identities including transgender women, gay men, and gender-nonconforming individuals. Many Bakla identify themselves as "gay" in the Western sense but with a distinct cultural context. They often present in a feminine manner, including wearing women's clothing, adopting feminine mannerisms, and taking on traditionally female roles.
While the Bakla are generally more accepted in Filipino society than in many other cultures, they still face challenges and discrimination. The struggle for broader acceptance and equal rights continues, with advocacy groups working to address issues related to gender identity and expression.
Māhū, Hawaii
The Māhū have been respected members of Hawaiian and Tahitian societies for centuries, long before Western contact. They play important roles in their communities and are a recognized part of the cultural fabric.
Māhū individuals typically embody both masculine and feminine traits and they are often involved in cultural and spiritual practices, including healing, teaching, and performing traditional rituals. They might serve as caretakers, educators, and keepers of cultural traditions, such as hula and other native arts.
In traditional Hawaiian and Tahitian societies, Māhū are generally respected and accepted. They are seen as an important part of the community, bridging the gap between genders and contributing to social harmony. They often hold significant roles in religious and cultural ceremonies. They are viewed as having special spiritual qualities that enable them to connect with both male and female aspects of life.
Despite traditional acceptance, the Māhū have faced increased discrimination and stigma due to the influence of Western colonization and the imposition of binary gender norms. Efforts to reclaim and celebrate Māhū identities are ongoing.
Learn more about Māhū people here.
Femminelli, Naples
The Femminelli have been an integral part of Neapolitan culture for centuries, with their presence documented since ancient times. They are commonly accepted by their communities but they can face discrimination and stigma outside of their neighbourhoods. The term Femminello itself is a term of endearment.
Femminelli are typically AMAB people who embody a blend of both masculine and feminine traits, often presenting in a feminine manner.
Femminelli are believed to bring good luck and are often celebrated for this in their communities. For example, it is popular in the neighborhoods for a femminiello to hold a baby to bring the child luck, or to bring good fortune in games of bingo or other gambling.
During the annual pilgrimage to the Shrine of Montevergine, many Femminelli come to pay homage to the the Black Madonna, who is believed to have saved two gay men from execution for their sexuality. This yearly pilgrimage is a blend of religious devotion and the celebration of gender diversity.
Learn more about femminelli here.
We would like to continue to update this post adding cultures we have missed. Let us know in the comments if you know of a culture you think we should add.
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